Unit IV: Physiology of Excretion and Endocrine System: 

4.1 Anatomy and physiology of the kidneys, nephron and mechanism of urine formation.

4.2 Urinary bladder, process of micturation, Hemodilasis and Artificial kidney.

4.3 Anatomy and physiology of Pitutory gland and Adrenal gland.

4.4 Anatomy and physiology of Thyroid and Parathyroid gland.